
Early Greek philosophers were highly imaginative in describing what the universe was made of. One said water, another fire, another, earth, etc. Their models had little to do with observation. Once the imaginative picture was formed, only then, it seems, did any rational thought kick in, to build up a detailed picure. Pythagoras was perhaps the first significant philosopher to combine his imagination with observation and rational thought to develop his mathematical, musical model of the universe. Plato shone the bright light of reasoned argument on this universe and the rest is history.
With regard to music, Pythagoras identified three types, described by the academics of the Middle Ages as
musica mundana, the macrocosmic music of the spheres,
musica humana, the microcosmic music contained by the human being and the lowest form of music,
musica instrumentalis, the ordinary music made by musicians.
A distinction was commonly made between mere musical performers,
cantores, and those considered to be the true artists, who theorised about music and its relationship with the cosmos, the
musici.